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水稻和小麥是如何分裂世界的:中西方差異源于農業

聚土網 2016-03-12 14:23
摘要:讓科學家一直以來都疑惑不解的是為什么歐美與中國以及東亞國家在文化上如此不同。一項研究所得出的答案令人出乎意料:東西方不同的農耕方式導致了不同的文化。
Scientists have long wondered why the U.S. and Europe are so culturally different to China and other countries in Eastern Asia.
讓科學家一直以來都疑惑不解的是為什么歐美與中國以及東亞國家在文化上如此不同。

Now one study claims the answer lies in anunexpected area: the different farming methods used by people living in theEast and West.
一項研究所得出的答案令人出乎意料:東西方不同的農耕方式導致了不同的文化。

While Westerners are known for theirindividualism and analytical thinking, eastern culture tends to beinterdependent and holistic, the study claims.
西方人以個人主義和分析思維著名,而東方文化傾向于互相依賴和整體,這是一項研究多得出的結果。

Theories explaining the differences have included wealth and education fuellingindividualism in the West, and high rates of infectious disease in the Eastcausing people to be wary of outsiders.
有些理論認為東西方之所以存在差異的原因在于西方的財富和教育助長了個人主義,而東方傳染疾病的高發導致人們提防外來者。

But the real reason may simply be the waypeople at both ends of the world cultivate rice and wheat, say the scientists.
但是科學家說真正的原因可能僅在于東西方在種植水稻和小麥上存在的差異。

Paddy rice cannot be grown without ample supplies of water, forcing neighboursto work together to irrigate their crops.

水稻的生長需要足夠的水資源,所以鄰里之間需要相互合作來灌溉農作物。

It is also highly labour-intensive,requiring about twice the number of hours from planting to harvest as doeswheat.
而且是勞動密集型的,從種植到收獲,水稻所花的時間大約是小麥所需時間的兩倍。

Wheat farmers, in contrast, can rely on the rain and operate much moreindependently.
形成鮮明對比的是,種植小麥的農民可以依靠雨水來灌溉,而且在操作上更具獨立性。

To test their theory, the scientistsassessed known measures of individualism and collectivism in 1,000 people fromdifferent regions of Chinawhere rice and wheat are grown.
為了驗證自己的理論,科學家們評估了中國各個水稻和小麥種植區的1000名中國人的個人主義和集體主義傾向。

The results, published in the journalScience, showed distinct psychological differences that mirrored those betweenthe East and West.
結果發布在了《科學》雜志上,顯現出了獨特的心理差異,正好反映了東、西方的區別。

‘It’s easy to think of China as a single culture,’ said lead researcherThomas Talhelm, from the University of Virginia.
“我們很容易就認為中國是個單一文化,”來自弗吉尼亞大學的領頭研究員Thomas Talhelm說。

‘But we found that China has very distinct northern and southernpsychological cultures and that southern China’shistory of rice farming can explain why people in southern China are moreinterdependent than people in the wheat-growing north.
“但是我們發現中國南北的心理文化是不同的,中國南方的水稻種植歷史可以解釋為什么中國南方人比種植小麥的北方人更加互相依賴。”

‘The data suggests that legacies of farmingare continuing to affect people in the modern world.’
“這些數據表明農耕文化依然對現代人產生影響。”


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網友熱評:

JackRoth, London,4 hours ago
Interesting to see the 'useful idiots' onhere defending 'western capitalism' The whole concept of employment is just amedieval trick designed to prevent the regime-changing solidarity that outrightslavery would have generated. And the trick continues to work to this very day.
看到某些傻瓜為“西方資本主義”辯護真是令我感到好笑。職業(或者工作或者雇傭)這一概念是中世紀的一種把戲,目的是為了不讓人們團結起來推翻政權,因為徹底的奴役制度會讓人們團結起來推翻現有的政權。這一把戲依然沿用到今天。

FeatherBoa, Leicester, 4 hours ago
Someone please tell these scientists thatthe difference between wheat farming and rice farming is machinery. Before thethreshing machine and other farming machinery was invented, the whole communitywould have been involved in farming, especially in harvesting wheat. The factthat very little help is needed on modern, mechanised farms has changed thenature and culture of farming. it's a much lonelier life than it would havebeen 150 years ago.
麻煩告訴這些科學家小麥耕種和水稻耕種的真正差異在于機械化。在打谷機和其他農業機械發明之前,所有人都要參與耕種,特別是在收割小麥時。如今在現代化和機械化的農場里根本不需要多少人力,從而改變了農耕的本質和文化。和150年前相比,如今的農耕真是太寂寞了。

Truthseeker, Bristol, United Kingdom, 3 hours ago
The points you make are sensible, howeverthe point the article didn't make clear is that growing rice involves workingcollectively over months after month, whereas wheat growing in the westrequired working together for much shorter periods in the year. It is thisongoing need to work day after day that bred the more collective approachwhilst here in the west it makes for a more individualistic approach. Howeverwe see it - these are just ideas and theories and any idea can be refuted.
你說的有道理,可文中沒有講清楚的一點是種植水稻需要人們在幾個月時間里團結協作,而西方種植小麥一起協作的時間會短很多。因此,正是種植水稻所需要的日復一日的付出才使得東亞人更趨向于集體主義,而在我們西方就顯得更加個人主義。無論如何,這些都僅是觀點和理論,是可以被反駁的。


ComteDeLaFere,Midwest, United States, 4 hours ago
"Wheat farmers, in contrast, rely onrain and operate more independently"... Sometimes I think these peoplejust make things up out of thin air. Go read about what rural life was beforethe mechanized era of combines and harvesters. Read Novels by British LaureateThomas Hardy or French man Emile Zola who both wrote about rural life, and youwill see that not a single farmer could get his crop in the ground or get hisharvest up without the aid of the entire community around him. They werecompletely interdependent and the entire community relied on each other orthere would be no harvest. This study is complete nonsense.
“形成鮮明對比的是,種植小麥的農民可以依靠雨水來灌溉,而且在操作上更具獨立性。”
我有時候會覺得這些人簡直是無中生有。先去學習一下農業機械化農村人的生活是怎樣的。去讀讀英國作家托馬斯哈代和法國作家左拉的作品吧,他們都描寫過農村生活,你就會知道如果沒有整個鄰里的幫助,單靠一個農民是無法收割農作物的。完全是相互依賴的,整個社區如果不相互依賴,那么根本不會有收成。這項研究真是垃圾。

Trudi,Worcester, United Kingdom, 4 hours ago
Capitalist societies are not individualist.Of course we cooperate. If we didn't have people serving petrol, canning bakedbeans or knocking up speculative housing, other people wouldn't be free to'think, analyse' or anything else. We'd all be spending our time scraping thebasics. The only real difference between East and West is the demand forentertainment. Carbohydrates indeed.
資本主義社會并非是個人主義的。我們當然需要團結合作。社會是一個整體,每個人都在社會中扮演著自己的角色,否則一個社會是無法運行下去的。東西方唯一真正的差異在于對娛樂消遣的需求不同。


THED,New York, United States, 5 hours ago
I like rice and wheat. :)
水稻和小麥我都喜歡。


LeeW,Fylde Coast, United Kingdom, 5 hours ago
"To test their theory, the scientistsassessed known measures of individualism and collectivism in 1,000 people fromdifferent regions of Chinawhere rice and wheat are grown." Does this mean that we in the West canstop trying to be communist now?
“為了驗證自己的理論,科學家們評估了中國各個水稻和小麥種植區的1000名中國人的個人主義和集體主義傾向。”
這是否意味著我們西方人現在可以停止成為共產主義者了?


Unguided,Not_Here, United Kingdom,6 hours ago
I prefer rice.
我更喜歡米飯。

Bonnie,Johannesburg, 6hours ago
Which ever way you try to look at it, thefact is their religion. Pagans in the East and "Christians" in theWest. Christianity is rapidly decreasing.
無論怎么看,根本的不同還是在于信仰。東方的“異教徒”和西方的“基督教徒”。基督教正在快速衰弱。


savepenrhos.co.uk,Holyhead-Anglesey-Wales, United Kingdom, 3 hours ago
America is east of China.East and west depends where you start from
美國位于中國的東方,西方還是東方,這就要看你怎么看了。

ostrichfeather,balington on quayside, United  Kingdom, 6 hours ago
where did they get wheat for noodles then
中國人哪來的小麥來做面條?


savepenrhos.co.uk,Holyhead-Anglesey-Wales, United Kingdom, 6 hours ago
They grow wheat in north western China, rice insouthern. You can also make noodles from rice flour.
中國西北部種植小麥,南方種植水稻。水稻也是可以做米粉的。

 
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